Intercultural Communication Issues

Question: Examine about the Intercultural Communication Issues. Answer: Presentation Multicultural openness is absolutely vital in universal business. Creating aptitudes for overseeing intercultural interchanges is vital for organizations going universal, for example, Amys company(Varner 2000, p.50). To prevail in global business, business visionaries must structure intercultural abilities, and procedures such how to utilize a broadened workforce(Beckers Bsat 2014, p.145). Similarly, making trustful relationship is likewise significant in worldwide business. Intercultural Communication Issues Growing business into the Chinese market requires Amy to comprehend their verbal and nonverbal cues(Fall et al. 2013, p.413). Furthermore, the development in innovation and web makes multifaceted interchanges key for organizations extending internationally(FernndezSouto, Gestal Pesqueira 2015, p.235). A portion of the key issues that will influences Amy venture into include: Language obstruction. Non-verbal contrasts. Force separation. High setting versus slow setting society. Language Barrier Amy will confront language obstruction challenges as she ventures into Chinese market(Cotton 2015, par.4). She just gets English and a larger part of individuals in China speak Chinese. To prevail in her first gathering, Amy ought to recognize a bilingual translator. When the organization sets up itself in China, it should concentrate on utilizing people who are capable in different languages(Pikhart 2014, p.952). Nonverbal Differences There is impressive qualification among nonconformist and collectivist societies as far as intercultural communication(Kutz 2013, p.66). People from the above societies use motions and eye to eye connection in an unexpected way. It is significant for Amy to address her nonverbal prompts before her first gathering with Chinese business partners. She needs to comprehend that Chinese think about an excessive amount of signals as being discourteous. In Australia, delayed eye to eye connection is viewed as straightforwardness and legitimate, however in China it is considered as being impolite (Maude 2011, p.43). High Culture versus Low Context Culture This alludes to how people musings, emotions, and childhood influence the way wherein they behave in various cultures(Mattock 2003, p.54). Australia is a low culture setting while China is a high setting society (Gudykunst 2003, p.45; Brink Costigan.2015, p.10). Organizations in Australia are individualistic, which means the choices depend on realities. In like manner, trust between businessmen is esteemed. High culture nations, for example, China esteem relational relationship (Norales 2006, p.45). Continuation Business people from China underscore on creating individual relationship before marking an agreement. Moreover, they are worried about gathering achievement instead of individual success(Norales 2006, p.45). Given these distinctions, it will be hard for Amy to arrange her business bargain. For example, Amy may concentrate on completing the arrangement, and the remote accomplice probably won't be content with her activities. Basically, the remote accomplice should seriously think about Amy as somebody who means to satisfy her childish intrigue. Outline and Conclusions Social assorted variety is basic for Amy to prevail in Chinese Market. Also, intercultural correspondence decides the achievement or disappointment of the organization in any universal market. Consequently, Amy needs to have nitty gritty data in regards to nonverbal and verbal qualifications among Australia and China. Capacity to discuss viably with people from particular societies is key in prevailing in global markets, to be exact China. Continuation For example, viable utilization of verbal and nonverbal prompts will dispense with episodes of miscommunication. China thinks of it as an untouchable to accidentally irritate somebody utilizing non-verbal communication. For this situation, Amy ought to consistently utilize altruistic signals to speak with her global accomplices. She ought to likewise disregard from using alright images, forefinger, and approval and down. Suggestions To prevail in the Chinese market, Amy ought to do the accompanying: vMaintain a receptive outlook in circumstances that are new to her. vBe alert on how people structure particular societies associate. vBe prepared to adjust and learn in any new condition. vDemonstrate unwavering quality and consistency. References Beckers, A, Bsat, M., 2014. An Analysis of Intercultural Business Communication. Diary of Business Behavioral Sciences, 26(3), pp. 143-153. Verge, K, Costigan, R., 2015.Oral Communication Skills: Are the Priorities of the Workplace and AACSB-Accredited Business Programs Aligned?', Academy Of Management Learning Education, 14(2), pp. 205-221 , G., 2015. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Business Communications. Seen from, https://www.eonetwork.org/octane-magazine/exceptional highlights/theimportanceofcrossculturalbusinesscommunications Fall, L, Kelly, S, MacDonald, P, Primm, C, Holmes, W., 2013. Intercultural Communication Worry and Emotional Intelligence in Higher Education: Preparing Business Students for Career Success. Business Communication Quarterly, 76(4), pp. 412-426. Fernndez-Souto, A, Gestal, M, Pesqueira, A., 2015. Business and Intercultural Communication. Procedia Economics and Finance, pp. 233-237. Gudykunst, W. B., 2003. Culturally diverse and intercultural correspondence. Thousand Oaks [u.a.], Sage Publ. Kutz, K., 2013. Obstructions to diverse correspondence. New York: Grin Verlag. Mattock, J., 2003. Culturally diverse correspondence. London: Kogan Page Limited. Maude, B. , 2011. Overseeing Cross-Cultural Communication: Principles and Practice. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan Norales, F. O. (2006). Culturally diverse correspondence: ideas, cases and difficulties. Youngstown, NY, Cambria. Pikhart, M 2014. Actualizing New Global Business Trends to Intercultural Business Communication. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 152, ERPA International Congress on Education, ERPA Congress 2014, 6-8 June 2014, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 950-953. Varner, II 2000. The Theoretical Foundation for Intercultural Business Communication: A Conceptual.

Difference Between America and South Korea Health Care Essay Example for Free

Contrast Between America and South Korea Health Care Essay Every nation has an alternate methodology with regards to their medicinal services and their consideration with pre and postnatal. A few nations can spend a lot of cash on their social insurance, (for example, the United States) yet probably won't have the best medicinal services on the planet. Others have exceptional courses of action that new moms and newborn children can experience to ensure that they start off their life in a decent and sound condition. In this paper I am going to thoroughly analyze the newborn child medicinal services and the general pre-birth care in the United States and South Korea by referencing different articles and course books that emphasis regarding this matter. The two nations have different manners by which they handle their wellbeing framework and the consideration of their babies. There are numerous variables that decide the strength of an infant, for example, the sustenance that the prospective mother devours, the condition that the mother and the kid live in, and the medical clinic that the youngster is conceived in. During the time every one of these nations have been placing time and cash into their wellbeing framework with the objective of having the most remarkable medicinal services framework on the planet. Their advancement can be recorded from various perspectives which will be examined inside this paper. Likewise the United States and South Korea both have totally different frameworks when managing pre-birth and baby care. One way that the newborn child care of a nation is estimated is through the death pace of the babies. Truth be told (Bae et al. , 2011), â€Å"Neonatal death rate (NMR) and newborn child death rate (IMR) are two of the most significant files mirroring the degree of general strength of a country† (Abstract Section Para. 1). Without estimating and monitoring these death rates, inquires about would not have the option to make sense of what nations are progressing in the direction of a superior social insurance administration and which nations need assistance. Despite the fact that the United States is a created nation, and not at all like less created nations, it ought to have a high death rate. Truth be told the United States has one of the most noticeably terrible death rates contrasted with different provinces. As indicated by Levine and Munsch (2012), â€Å"Despite the riches and the accessibility of (however not generally access to) world-class edical offices, the United States has the equivalent or more regrettable newborn child death rates contrasted and 37 other industrialized nations (Hoover Institution, 2007)† (p. 176). There are purposes behind the high death rate, for example, the reality there are a wide range of races, ethnicities, and social statuses inside the United States. Race and ethnicity do have a contribution to a person’s wellbeing and their way of life. A few races, (for example, Asians) have a higher future and a lower death rate all through their race due to how they are raised and the conventions that they neglected. The social statuses of the expecting moms additionally affect the future kids since when the parent is a piece of a higher economic wellbeing, it is accepted that they have a more significant level of training and in this way find out about how they should think about themselves and their newborn children. The inverse goes for individuals who are a piece of a lower societal position. The United States has been bringing down the quantity of newborn child death rates by placing programs in influence to help out the wellbeing framework. A portion of these projects are (Bae et al. , 2011), †¦execution of Medicaid (1965), Medicare (1965), Supplemental Security Income (social medicinal services security programs for youngsters and pregnant ladies of the lower pay gathering), arrangement of State Children’s Health Insurance Programs, Children Vaccine Program, Health Start Program (1991, Early Head Start Program, entire day care administration, parent instruction, case the board, Community Resource Assistant)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Discussion Section para. ) and considerably more. The United States has more projects to help diminish the danger of baby mortality and different infections, they are additionally chipping away at different approaches to assist the newborn child death rate by concentrating on untimely and low-birth weight babies. As indicated by Levine and Munsch (2012), â€Å"Birth information arranged by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007a) for 2005 found that the pace of untimely birt hs in the United States is 12. 7% or 525,000 infants annually† (p. 178). This number is high for untimely births and these projects that are being instituted should help lower it. Indeed, even with these projects progressing in the direction of a superior wellbeing framework, South Korea has less of a newborn child death rate. South Korea has improved its wellbeing framework consistently and it has appeared in their youngster care. Their nation incorporates projects, for example, (Bae et al. , 2011), †¦tests for natural mistake of digestion and care for wiped out babies (1991), enrollment of pre-term and innate strange neonates and clinical cost bolster 2000), early finding of deafness (2007), crusade for forestalling visual impairment of preschoolers (2000), counteraction of maternal hepatitis B contamination (2002†¦(Discussion Section Para. 1) and significantly more. There are likewise more projects that are planned to show up all through the fallowing years. As referenced before it is simpler for South Korea to keep their newborn child death rate down in light of the fact that they don't need to concentrate on various nationalities in their nation, the majority of the populace in South Korea are Korean. On the off chance that you look at the two nations and the projects that they are delivering it is indicated the South Korea has been getting more advances in the 2000’s while the United States had a discovery in their social insurance in the 1900’s. Copyright  © 2011 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. This diagram shows that South Korea began with a higher death rate and it had an extraordinary decay. The United States had a decrease in the 1900’s and during the 2000’s it began to balance out. Copyright  © 2011 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. This Chart gives a superior understanding concerning where the United States and South Korea remain with different nations. Neither of them are the best or the most exceedingly terrible nation, anyway they are on inverse sides of the scale. It is normal for the United States to have a lower death rate due to the measure of cash put into their medicinal services framework, however as indicated by the diagram this doesn't have all the earmarks of being valid. South Korea has a ton of regard with regards to their babies. They consider their to be as the future to their nation and they are happy to successfully ensure that their newborn children are very much dealt with. This is appeared through the information on the graph above on the grounds that South Korea is nearer to the base of the scale rather than the top. Both South Korea and the United States have an alternate medical clinic framework. South Korea has a post-natal consideration office called a sanhujoriwon. As indicated by Yeon-soo (2013), Dozens of moms and babies remain together in such offices and the greater part of the spots work as non-clinical organizations, prompting periodic issues with clean administration. To forestall mass contamination among babies at sanhujoriwons, the legislature as of late amplified sickness reconnaissance of laborers there and founded a standard terms of utilization (Para. 2) South Korea is the main nation that has these offices accessible for their new moms. Numerous pregnant ladies from everywhere throughout the world come to South Korea just to get this treatment after they conceive an offspring. Nonetheless, this office is costly, so not every person can manage the cost of this extravagance. As per Yeon-soo (2013), â€Å"The cost of utilizing an upscale sanhujoriwon is 5 million (4,730 U. S. dollars) to 10 million won (9,460 dollars) for a fourteen day remain, however the office is well known to such an extent that a booking probably won't be conceivable if not made six to seven months preceding childbirth† (para. 4). That is the cost for the most costly and sumptuous spots; different spots can be a great many dollars less expensive. In these offices the attendants ensure that the patients get the correct exercise, (for example, light yoga) and eat the right food so their recuperation after birth will be as lovely and valuable as could reasonably be expected. They likewise care for the infant and ensure that they get the supplements that they need in the main couple of weeks. This assists the new mother since they have the opportunity to unwind and recoup while their child is getting the fundamental consideration that is required. At the point when the mother is all set home following two or three weeks they make some better memories acclimating to their new existence with a child since they had the rest and help that they required. In the United States they don't have these equivalent facilities yet they to do have frameworks to assist the new mother. The United States has numerous clinical experts to help with neonatal and postnatal consideration. A portion of those occupations incorporate (Link, Jakubeez, Temple, 2013), â€Å"†¦neonatologist, neonatal attendant specialists, bedside nurture, a clinical drug specialist, neonatal respiratory advisors, a nutritionist, a social laborer, clinical occupants, and clinical students† (Backgroud Section Para. 1). With a clinic comprising of these clinical experts the patients are probably going to get the assistance that they need while experiencing the birthing procedure. Likewise numerous clinics are growing in the United States to incorporate more space for neonatal consideration. The Hillcrest Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio extended their emergency clinic and included (Link, Jakubeez, Temple, 2013),†¦Ã¢â‚¬ a new 24 bed level 3 neonatal emergency unit and extra beds to oblige high-chance maternal medication patients† (Background Section para. 1). They extended their clinic with the goal that they could think about more patients on the double; additionally so the patients got the chance to get the best consideration accessible to them. Typically after a mother conceives an offspring (contingent upon the birthing m

No More Detailed TOEFL Score Reports

No More Detailed TOEFL Score Reports We now know about an additional TOEFL change. Students can no longer access detailed PDF score reports. This means that students will be given an overall score for each of the sections on the test (reading, listening, speaking, writing) but will no longer get assessments for specific writing and speaking tasks.To understand what I mean, heres an image from an old score report PDF (taken from the Official Guide to the TOEFL, 5th edition):You can see that in addition to their overall speaking and writing scores, the student was given a level assessment for five different sub-sections. These levels were: weak, limited, fair, or good. Each of the essays was a sub-section. Pairs of speaking questions made up the other sub-sections.The bottom of the score report contained a chart to convert these levels to a numerical rubric score. In this way, students would know which of the tasks they excelled at, and which with they struggled with. This meant that the students could really focus when p reparing to take the test for a second (or third or twentieth) time.Now, however, this information is no longer available. The new PDF score reports provide only overall scores in the speaking and writing sections. They are no longer given assessments for the sub-sections. They look like this:In the past, if a student got 20 points in the writing section, he could see that he got a good in the independent task, and a weak in the integrated task. He would then know to focus on the integrated task in the future. Now, though, he will have no idea which task lowered his score, and which one he should focus on in the future. Likewise, students who fail to get their target score have no way of knowing which speaking tasks they should focus on when they prepare to take the test again.This is a problem, I think. On one hand, ETS gave students a gift with the shorter version of the test by making it possible to focus on a smaller number of tasks while studying. But the elimination of the sco re reports takes that gift right back.If ETS brings back the score reports I will let you know right here.

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TOEIC Scores by Age, Gender, Country, and Education

If youve taken the TOEIC Listening and Reading exam, then you know that it can be difficult to ascertain how well youve done on the test. Even though many businesses and institutions have minimum TOEIC scores or proficiency levels for hiring, the levels may be quite different from another institutions base requirements. So, where do you stand with the scores youve earned? How do your scores compare with the scores of others who have taken the test? Here are the average TOEIC scores by a number of different factors: age, gender, country of birth, and education level.   Average TOEIC Scores by Country of Birth The first numbers after the countries are the mean or average TOEIC scores for the Listening Test. The second numbers are the mean or average TOEIC scores for the Reading Test. Remember that the highest possible score achievable on each exam is a 495 and anything over 450 is generally considered excellent with no real weaknesses in the language by the makers of the test, ETS.   ALBANIA 208   168  ALGERIA 344   299  ARGENTINA 368   340   BELGIUM 393   362BRAZIL 334   303  CAMEROON 322   282CANADA 432   393CHILE 257   218  CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC 350   322COLOMBIA 343   304  COSTA RICA 378 326COTE DIVOIRE (IVORY COAST) 324 297  CZECH REPUBLIC 398 362  EGYPT 218 177  FRANCE 377   342  GERMANY 425   362  GREECE 321 247  HONG KONG 297 235  INDIA 408   361  INDONESIA 234 188ITALY 371   355  JAPAN 284   228KOREA (ROK) 351   295LEBANON 409   354MACAO 258 191MALAYSIA 362   294  MONGOLIA 247 189MOROCCO 375   324   PAKISTAN 299 227PERU 307 279  PHILIPPINES 384   325  POLAND 315   243  PORTUGAL 404   362  REUNION 352   318  RUSSIA 359   308  SENEGAL 344   298SLOVAKIA 358 317  SPAIN 345   335  TAIWAN 294   242  THAILAND 274 207  TUNISIA 374   334  TURKEY 355 299  Ã‚  UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 298   183  VIETNAM 249   229  Ã‚  Ã‚   Average TOEIC Scores by Age It appears as though the 26-30-year-olds have the highest average TOEIC scores in this set of statistics, even though they accounted for only17.6% of testers. Check it out: Age Average Listening Score Average Reading Score under 20 276 215 21-25 328 274 26-30 339 285 31-35 320 270 36-40 305 258 41-45 293 246 over 45 288 241 Average TOEIC Scores by Gender Just 44.1% of test-takers were female, compared to the 55.9% of testers who were male. On average, women outscored men on both the Listening and Reading tests.   Female Listening Score Average: 327Female Reading Score Average: 266Male Listening Score Average: 304Female Reading Score Average: 255 Average TOEIC Scores by Level of Education More than half (56.5%) of the test-takers sitting for the TOEIC exam were in college, attempting to earn their undergraduate degree at a four-year university. Here are the statistics, based on the levels of education of the testers. Again, the first score is for the Listening exam and the second is for the Reading portion. Graduate school: 351   310Undergraduate college:   338   285Junior high school: 284 214High school:  276   212Elementary school: 265   220Community college:  Ã‚  268   210Language institution:   268 194 Vocational school after high school:  258   193Vocational school:   236   169 TOEIC LISTENING PRACTICE

Role of Foreign Banks Free Essays

Foreign Banks operating in India are banks of other countries having their branches in India. At present there are about sixteen such banks having a total of about 180 branches in most of the big cities of the country. These Foreign Banks have a flourishing business and earn large profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Foreign Banks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indian Banks also have their branches in other countries, and they, too, are doing well. Some economists are of the view that Foreign Banks should, not be allowed to operate in the country.But permission to such banks to operate in the country is unavoidable on the basis of reciprocity. This is certainly the view of the Reserve Bank of India, and it is justified by the success of Indian Banks operating in foreign countries. Indian Banks have been rapidly expanding their overseas operations. Between 1975 and 1978, the number of offices of Indian Banks in foreign countries had increased by 48, from 77 to 125. This is in contrast with the stagnant number of Foreign Bank Offices in India.As a consequence, the growth of business of Indian Banks has been phenomenal as compared to that of the branches of their foreign counterparts in India. Deposits and advances of Indian Banks abroad have increased by 14% and 18% respectively, whereas the corresponding figures of Foreign Banks in India are 28% and 30% respectively. In terms of remittances of the present banks also, Indian banks are ahead. In 1976, they remitted Rs. 90 millions to India, where their counterparts remitted Rs. 70 millions only. Indian Banks abroad are involved in many new banking activities.State Bank of India and Bank of Baroda, the two leaders in the sphere, are raising foreign currency funds, for both private and public sector concerns. In addition, these banks are funding many joint ventures in South East Asia. For instance, SBI is funding joint ventures in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia. The Bank has arranged finances to the tune of $ 750 million dollars. We can see clearly that Indian Banks are indeed generating a lot of business overseas. At present they are operating in as many as 26 countries of which only eight countries have their own bank branches in India.Thus, the question of reciprocity does indeed have relevance, because, if we want to seek profitable opportunities overseas, we must be prepared to open our own gates also. In short, the operation of foreign banks in India is fully justified. It is in our national interest. ——————————————————————————————————————— Foreign banks play a relatively minor role in the Indian economy, as reiterated in Global Development Finance 2008, an annual publication from the World Bank that was released last week.This fact is relevant right now for two reasons. First, the Reserve Bank of India is likely to open up the Indian banking market further in April, or around 300 days from now. Two, the global credit crisis has shown how problems in Western banks can reverberate through financial systems in emerging markets. The advantages of greater foreign bank participation are clear: They tend to increase the efficiency of the local banking system, bring in more sophisticated financial services and have the ability to nurse weak banks back to health.That underlies the case for greater freedom for foreign banks. The credit crisis has brought the dark underside into focus. Global banks that boast of the best practices in the way they allocate capital and manage risks are also prone to make elementary mistakes, partly because of the imperfect nature of regulations and partly because bankers have perverse incentives to be loose with other people’s money. So, which way should policy swing? It is tempting to conclude that India is better off with its current policy of caution about the entry of foreign banks.But that would be a mistake. While we agree that banking markets tend to be prone to crises and, hence, need tighter regulation than markets in goods and services, India needs more foreign bank participation. The main contention—that foreign banks account for just 5% of India’s loan market—is misleading. Local banks have been on a borrowing spree abroad. They raised more than $12 billion between 2003 and 2006, which is one reason that India could support credit growth of 28. 1% despite the fact that deposits grew at only 18. 5%.A lot of this overseas borrowing must have come from foreign banks operating in global financial centres. The question is: If regulators are comfortable getting resources from foreign banks indirectly through the global credit markets, what is the objection to more direct participation? ——————————————————————————————————————— INTRODUCTION A large number of foreign banks are now keen on opening shop in India to gain a critical mass by April 2009, when private banking space is expected to open up for foreign players.Foreign Banks in India alwa ys brought an explanation about the prompt services to customers. After the set up foreign banks in India, the banking sector in India also become competitive and accurative. The share of foreign banks in the business done in the country (deposits and advances) has been hovering between 5 and 7 per cent during the past decade. A new rule announced by the Reserve Bank of India for the foreign banks in India in this budget has put up great hopes among foreign banks which allow them to grow unfettered. Now foreign banks in India are permitted to set up local subsidiaries.The policy conveys that foreign banks in India may not acquire Indian ones (except for weak banks identified by the RBI, on its terms) and their Indian subsidiaries will not be able to open branches freely. There are twenty-nine foreign banks are present in India through 273 branches and 871 offsite ATMs. Besides, there are 34 foreign banks operating through representative offices. Four have set up shop in the past one year. They are Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, Spain’s second largest bank; Italy’s Banca di Roma; the Dublin-based Depfa Bank Plc. ; and National Australia Bank Ltd.Given a chance, all banks would like to convert their representative offices into branches. Standard Chartered Bank, the oldest foreign bank that came to India 150 years ago, now operates the maximum number of branches, 83. It is followed by HSBC, which entered India in 1867, with 47 branches. Citibank has 39 branches and ABN Amro, 28 branches. The only other bank that has a double digit branch presence is Deutsche, 11. List of major Foreign Banks in India †¢ ABN-AMRO Bank †¢ Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank †¢ Bank of Ceylon †¢ BNP Paribas Bank †¢ Citi Bank †¢ China Trust Commercial Bank†¢ Deutsche Bank †¢ HSBC JPMorgan Chase Bank †¢ Standard Chartered Bank †¢ Scotia Bank †¢ Taib Bank By the year 2009, the list of foreign banks in India is going to become more quantitative as numbers of foreign banks are still waiting with baggage to start business in India Upcoming Foreign Banks in India By 2009 few more names is going to be added in the list of foreign banks in India. This is as an aftermath of the sudden interest shown by Reserve Bank of India paving roadmap for foreign banks in India greater freedom in India. The following are the list of foreign banks going to set up business in India †¢Royal Bank of Scotland Switzerland’s UBS †¢US-based GE Capital †¢Credit Suisse Group †¢Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Reasons for foreign bank enter in India * India’s GDP is seen growing at a robust pace of around 7% over the next few years, throwing up opportunities for the banking sector to profit from.* The credit of banks has risen by over 25% in 2004-05 and the growth momentum is expected to continue over the next four to five years. * Participation in the growth curve of the Indian economy in the next four years will provide foreign banks a launch pad for greater business expansion hen they get more freedom after April 2009. * RBI is following a liberal branch licensing policy for those foreign banks who want to go to the unbanked pockets. They have started sensing enormous business opportunities in financing trade and small and medium sectors in small towns in the world’s second fastest growing economy. WTO and India about foreign banks operations India had committed to the World Trade Organzation (WTO) in 1997 to give 12 new branch licenses to foreign banks every year, including those given to new entrants and the existing players.However, the Indian regulator has all along been allowing foreign banks to open more branches, going beyond its commitment to WTO. In fact, in the last four years till October 2007, it has given its nod to 75 new foreign bank branches and many more ATMs (which do not come under WTO norms). Standard Chartered Bank, the oldest foreign bank that came to India 150 years ago, now operates the maximum number of branches, 83. It is followed by HSBC, which entered India in 1867, with 47 branches. Citibank has 39 branches and ABN Amro, 28 branches.The only other bank that has a double digit branch presence is Deutsche, 11. Despite their growing presence, foreign banks still have a very small market share in the Indian banking industry—6. 11% of total deposits and 6. 83% of total loan advances. But their returns from Indian operations are far higher than those of their local counterparts. For instance, the average net profit per branch for foreign banks in India was Rs11. 99 crore last year against Rs33 lakh for the public sector banks that account for close to 70% of the industry.The return on assets for foreign banks last year was 1. 65% and return on equity, 14. 02%. The comparable figures for public sector banks were 0. 82% and 13. 62%. Now you know why foreign banks are ready to walk the extra mile to do business anywhere in India The Reserve Bank of India would like foreign banks to get a flavour of semi-urban India and the rural hinterland. Going by the statistics provided in the RBI’s annual report, it appears that foreign banks are being gently nudged away from metros, when they apply for permission to open a new branch. The branches of foreign banks that have been approved between July 2006 and June 2007 are mostly in smaller towns and tier-2 and tier-3 cities. Of the 13 branches for which permission was given, only one branch belonging to Shinhan Bank has been allowed in New Delhi. Smaller cities Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) received approvals for three branches in Raipur, Jodhpur and Lucknow. ABN Amro got approvals for branches in Kolhapur, Salem, Udaipur and Ahmedabad. Barclays Bank received approval for branches in Kanchipuram and Bangalore.Most foreign banks follow a strategy of first setting up base in metros – Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. Then, in the next stage, they move to the mini-metros such as Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune and Ahmedabad. Over the last few years, some banks have talked about expanding their reach beyond the conventional circuits of these eight places. Foreign banks in India have got approval from the Reserve Bank of India to open 10 branches and seven representative offices during the July 2006- June 2007 period. In the calendar year 2006, the RBI issued approvals for opening 13 branches of foreign banks in India.Under the WTO agreements, India is required to allow the opening of 12 foreign branches every year. More foreign banks rush to India A large number of foreign banks are now keen on opening shop in India to gain a critical mass by April 2009, when private banking space is expected to open up for foreign players. The latest addition to the list of foreign banks wishing to set foot in India is the Royal Bank of Scotland, which has total assets of over $806 billion. The sudden interest in India follows the Reserve Bank of India’s roadmap for according foreign banks greater freedom in Indi a. Switzerland’s UBS, ranked the world’s best private bank by EuroMoney magazine, has been preparing itself for India launch. Merrill Lynch and Goldman Sachs too are believed to be showing interest. It is not known whether they will go alone or partner with an Indian entity in the new venture. Some of the new players are targeting the derivatives market to grow in India. The huge retail space is also an enticing factor. Merrill Lynch has a joint venture in Indian investment banking space — DSP Merrill Lynch. Goldman Sachs holds stakes in Kotak Mahindra arms. US-based GE Capital last week announced its intention to set up a bank last week soon after the banking sector roadmap was unveiled. It already has wide presence in consumer finance through GE Capital India. The RBI roadmap said the removal of limitations on the operations of wholly-owned subsidiaries of foreign banks and treating them on a par with domestic banks to the extent appropriate will be designed and implemented after reviewing the experience till April 2009. A total of 33 foreign banks are present in India and had total assets of Rs 1,36,315 crore (Rs 1363. 15 billion) as at end-March 2004.Roughly they account for about 7 per cent of the total banking space. The list of foreign players includes banks like Citibank, Bank of America, Bank of Nova Scotia, ABN-AMRO Bank, Deutsche Bank and JPMorgan Chase Bank, which figure in the top 25 global banks ranked by The Banker magazine. The other top banks like Credit Suisse Group, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, are still to start banking business in India. India is expected to find a place in the strategy of these banks given the country’s growth prospects. There have been cases of foreign banks closing shops in India too.Dresdner Bank and Commerzbank fall in this category. India’s GDP is seen growing at a robust pace of around 7 per cent over the next few years, throwing up opportunities for the banking sector to profit from. The credit of banks in India has risen by over 25 per cent in 2004-05 and the growth momentum is expected to continue over the next few years. Participation in the growth curve of the Indian economy in the next four years will provide foreign banks a launch pad for greater business expansion when they get more freedom after April 2009 How to cite Role of Foreign Banks, Papers

The Rise of the USA as a Superpower Essay Example For Students

The Rise of the USA as a Superpower Essay TheRise of the USA as a SuperpowerThe development and use of nuclear powerhas led to the United States assuming a position as the true World MilitarySuperpower. The Unites States was the leader in planning, building,testing and actually using the most powerful nuclear weapon known to man. This country also led the world in relatively safe production of nuclearpower. The only other competitor to the United States, the SovietUnion, had poor leaders, induced a poor economy, and eventually led thecountry to lose the race for superpower. During World War II, the United Statesbegan the research and development of the atomic bomb. Code-namedthe Manhattan Project, it took place in a government built city in NewMexico called Los Alamos. General Leslie Groves and physicist RobertOppenheimer led the research to create this atomic bomb. The missionwas to build, test and, if necessary, unleash an atomic bomb. Withthe many people working on creating and building this bomb, they completedit within the short amount of time given. In July of 1945, they testedthe nuclear bomb in New Mexico. It was a success. The verynext month, an atomic bomb nicknamed Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima. Only a few days later, the atomic bomb Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki. It was around this time that the United States found out that nobody, noteven Germany or the Soviet Union, was anywhere close to competing withthe U.S. in atomic weaponry. The atomic bomb was dropped not onlyto end the war with the Japanese, but to show the world, especially theSoviet Union, how powerful the United States was in its government, itsmilitary, its technology, and its people. The fact that it was anew bomb and being the first type of its kind ever created also causedan eagerness to use the bomb and see how it would work. These threefactors are the reasons behind the United States dropping the atomic bombon Japan, as they unknowingly and unintentionally began the nuclear ageand the Cold War. The Cold War began as World War II wasending. The United States and the Soviet Union came out of the previouswar nearly equal in strength, with the United States having the upper hand,being the first to create and use such intense nuclear power. Itwas during this time that these countries were competing to become theWorld Superpower. Nuclear power, for the purposes of electricityas well as weaponry, was going to be the determining factor as to who wouldbe the greater Superpower. The United States leadership was strongand organized. The economy was good and growing stronger. TheSoviet Union was not doing as well. Formerly being under the ruleof Stalin, with strict centralization where it was only the highest partylevels that made any and all decisions who ruled by decree and enforcedwith terror, the Soviet people and economy was stagnating. Strictcentralization continued and eventually led to economic decline, inefficiency,and apathy during the 1970s and 1980s, and contributed to the Chernobylnuclear disaster. The great disaster at the Chernobyl NuclearPower Plant in 1986 was the final string cut that led not only to the SovietUnion losing its war to become the greatest World Superpower, but furthermore,the collapse of the Soviet system. The Chernobyl Nuclear Powerplantwas being run by people who made mistakes maintaining the power supply,who were tired of their own country, and who simply didnt care. .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 , .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .postImageUrl , .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 , .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584:hover , .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584:visited , .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584:active { border:0!important; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584:active , .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584 .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueefee06e453d66380fd8d2d664d1d584:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The sun also rises: Summary and Analysis of Epigraph and Chapters 1-4 EssayThis careless conduct led to poor maintenance and low output of nuclearpower. To correct for this, some steps were taken to increase thepower output. During the effort to correct the low power output,one final error occurred, and the consequences were tremendous. Oneof the reactors exploded and released huge doses of radiation. Theambitious nuclear power program of the Soviet Union was now over. The Unites States led the world in nucleartechnology by producing the atomic bomb, and had the courage to use it twice. This proved to the world that the United States was a Superpowerthey should fear. The United States also had good leaders whom kept theeconomy strong, and kept the people in order. The Soviet Union however,trailed behing the United States. They did not have the technologyto produce the amount of nuclear power that the United States had, northe economy to support the research. Their economy was not only poor,but also continually declining. With these governing factors, andfinally the accident at Chernobyl, the Soviet Union collapsed. TheUnites States endured through this time, stayed strong, and came out tobe the World Military Superpower.

Science Reflection Paper Essay Example

Science Reflection Paper Essay Reflection paper Sci-114 In this reflection paper I will address the elements of the course that I found most challenging, the areas which informed my understanding of an aspect of Earth science with what I already knew and list the areas I would have liked to have explored more in depth. In addition to this reflection paper I will address the concerns of global warming as well. The most challenging part of the course by far was the virtual lab work. My problems with the virtual labs were that to solve a problem from the paper wasn’t very assessable all the time. Some of the questions were a little tricky and navigating through the browser wasn’t always simple. I did however appreciate the assignment instruction sheets you printed off weekly to help further explain what exactly we needed to do in depth. A topic area of the class that I was already familiar with, but was informed with more in details was the topic of sever weather. I’ve never really understood air masses, lake-effect snow, fonts/formations cyclones before. Having to research and do presentations on server weather broaden my knowledge and understanding on this area which will be beneficial moving forward. The area in this course in which I would have liked to have explored more on would have to be plate tectonics and the natural catastrophes caused by them. I did get the basic general understanding of plate tectonics, but could have used just a bit more insight on them to familiarize myself a little more. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Reflection Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Science Reflection Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Science Reflection Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The potential effects of global warming can be devastating. Global warming shows no sign of cooling down and will continue to cause problems here on earth as it’s already have. Average temperatures have already climbed 1. 4 degrees since 1980 and are climbing. The artic areas are feeling the effects the most with temperatures that have risen nearly twice the global warming average. Global warming will bring more server weather such as wildfires, heat waves and tropical storms if we continue to ignore this serious issue.

The Causes of the Cold War essays

The Causes of the Cold War essays The Cold War lasted for over half a century, and many different factors fuelled the battle. All three major nations that were involved helped to escalate the Cold War farther. The Soviets actions in Eastern Europe, American, perhaps too aggressive actions against Soviet expansion, and Churchill and Britains ability to force America into an anti-Soviet stance, all aided in pushing the Cold War farther into a bitter battle. Post World War II the Big Three had agreed that all liberated nations would proceed to having free elections. In many of the liberated nations free elections did occur, but by 1947 Communists took control of government in Poland, Hungary and Romania. By the next year, all Eastern European nations had Communist governments. This rapid expansion of Communism into Europe helped to cause the Cold War. These actions also caused a fear of Communism within America. America then counteracted and President Truman initiated the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. The Sovi ets interpreted these actions differently then Western society. The Soviets saw these actions as aggressive and then defended themselves. This caused a continuous escalation of the relationship between the Soviets and the USA. Winston Churchill and the British Empire also played their own roll in fueling the Cold War. Churchill openly accused the Soviets of having expansionist policies and stated that an alliance needed to form between Britain and the US to stop Soviet expansion. This allowed President Truman to make his anti-Soviet policy public. Also, Churchills proclamation forced America into an anti-Soviet policy. With all three, America, Britain, and the USSR, playing roles to further the Cold War, we can see that each nation and their leaders caused the Cold War. ...

Case study- Word Processing Support in a Government Agency Essay

Case study- Word Processing Support in a Government Agency - Essay Example Equipment upgrades was a viable solution, but the department received additional funding to purchase new equipment for one worker. Another way to solve the problem was hiring new employees. The agency approved the creation of two new positions for the department, but there are governmental constraints that freeze the hiring of new employees for 6 months. It is the job of the manager to find immediate solutions to increase the productivity of its work staff. In order to increase the productivity the manager has to utilize sound human resource principles to instill motivation in his current staff. Jack is the most experienced worker on the staff. His production has always been averaged. Past events have contributed to Jack’s lack of motivation. He feels he was passed up for management position years ago when the current manager and he were on the same career path. This conflict needs a resolution in order to increase the value of Jack contribution and allow this valuable asset to achieve his potential. An intervention with a professional consoler in with the participation of Jack and the manager could help resolved this past conflict. One resolve Jack could be given a higher leadership role in the team in order to motivate Jack to produce more. Dianne is a member of the staff that is currently an obvious weakness due to her being the least productive worker of the staff. Dianne is young and talented, but her work equipment is practically obsolete. Dianna youth and enthusiasm could be better utilized if she is allowed to blossom. The budget allocated for equipment should be given to Dianna. The employee with the potential to achieve a greater jump in productivity is the one that has the biggest room to operate. Being the worst performer even getting her to do average output would imply substantial productivity gains. Being that Dianna is a recent college graduate she would

Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Congress - Essay Example Within the website America.gov, it can be seen that Congress plays a role in enacting the national form of government within the United States. Article 1 begins by stating that Congress shall be divided into two sections, the Senate and the House of Representatives. This article also describes the duties and privileges of Congress as well. Congress is allowed to levy taxes allowed tax statutes must first be introduced by the House of Representatives first. Congress also creates laws and regulations that control commerce, and create a standard of measurement for the entire country. In times of war, Congress is authorized to declare war, create armies, produce a navy, and make certain that all the laws are followed by the militia. Within everyday matters that are seen within today’s society, Congress is given the right by the Constitution to create and maintain post offices along with the national roads. Money is standardized by Congress as well. In regards to immigrants and oth er foreigners, Congress forms these laws as well to regulate the naturalization of foreign citizens along with a keen eye towards international fraud and bankruptcy that may occur by foreigners. Confirmation of high-ranking officials may only be done by the Senate. One of the most important powers of Congress stated within the Constitution is that with a two-thirds vote, Congress may nullify a bill signed by the President. Congress also has the important role of carrying out fields of investigation. America.gov goes through the details of investigation trials done by Congress. This occurs through the formation of committees that research laws, look into their functionality, and possibly look into further areas of impeachment in rare occasions of the President. During the impeachment process, the House of Representatives has the power to bring about the charges of the President. The Senate

Design a simple apnea detection system

Design a simple apnea detection system CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION AIM The aim of the project is to design a simple apnea detecting system with an alarm and to classify the type of apnea identified using LabVIEW. 1.1.1 Normal Respiratory Event: Respiration is the phenomenon of supplying oxygen to the tissues and removing the carbon dioxide from the tissues. External respiration is the process of exchange of gases between the lungs and atmosphere. Internal respiration is the process of gas exchange in the tissues. The balance between the absorption and excretion of these gases in blood are maintained as breathing activity. During inspiration the level of blood in oxygen increases and it decreases during exhalation. Chemoreceptors are the sensory receptors in the blood stream that senses the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood ,and sends signals to the brain. Then the brain allows the opening of larynx and vocal cords, followed by the expansion of ribcage and diaphragm muscles. The chest cavity enlarges to allow the inflow of oxygen into the lungs thus resulting in inhalation process. Similarly the chest cavity occludes during the process of exhalation and expels the carbon dioxide from lungs. More of oxygen inflow re sults in maximum tidal volume and a normal respiratory flow. Fig 1.1 shows the normal respiratory signal with respiration rate of 12 breaths per minute. 1.1.2 Applications Sleep analysis Polygraphy Pulmonary function Stress test Sports Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 1.1.3 Respiration Signal Specifications Amplitude 2-200mV Frequency waveform-0 150Hz Repetition frequency- 20 cycles per minute (adults) 100 cycles per minute (neonates) 1.1.4 Respiratory Measurements Respiration rate Tidal volume Apneas Obstructive apnea Central apnea Hypopnea Tachypnea Bradypnea Apnea index Also several correlations between EEG, REM sleep, apneas, quiet sleep, non-quiet sleep and de-saturations. 1.2 APNEA AND ITS TYPES Apnea is the cessation of breathing during sleep which may precede the arrest of the heart and circulation in several clinical situations such as head injury, drug overdose, anesthetic complications and obstructive respiratory diseases. Apnea may also occur in premature babies during the first weeks of life because of their immature nervous system. If apnea persists for a prolonged period, brain function can be severely damaged. Therefore, patients suffering from apnea require close and constant observation of their respiratory activity. Apnea monitors are particularly useful for monitoring the respiratory activity of premature infants. There are three types of sleep apnea. They are Obstructive apnea Central sleep apnea Mixed or complex sleep apnea 1.2.1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Individuals with obesity due to low muscle tone and soft tissue around the airway give rise to a narrowed airway ,so they are at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea. The elderly people are more likely to suffer from OSA than young people because of their food habits, smoking and alcoholic life style. Men are more typical sleep apnea sufferers when compared to women and children.The risk of OSA rises with increasing body weight, age, high cholesterol, sinus problems, and in addition, patients with diabetes have up to three times the risk of having OSA compared to others. Loudsnoring, restless sleep, and sleepiness during the daytime are some of the common symptoms of OSA. Diagnostic tests include homeoximetryorpolysomnographyin a sleep clinic. Treatment includes CPAP apparatus that gives continuous positive airway pressure in order to expand their narrowed nasal pathway 1.2.2 Central Sleep Apnea When the brains respiratory control centers are imbalanced during sleep, it results in pure central sleep apnea ,also called as Cheyne-Stokes respiration. In this type of apnea the brain pauses to trigger the respiratory activity for about 30 seconds and triggers when it realizes that the patient suffocates for oxygen. The sleeper do not breathe for a certain period, during which there are no chest movements and no effort by the patient. Brain does not react immediately with a neurological feedback to make the respiratory rate even. There is a swing between apnea and hyperpnea in order to compensate the need for oxygen. After an apnea episode the hypoxia condition is reduced by breathing faster and absorbing more oxygen. Central sleep apnea may be due to hypertension, excess stress,and neuronal damage.In most of the cases CSA is treated with medications while some need surgery. Fig.1.3 shows Central Sleep Apnea. 1.2.3 Mixed Sleep Apnea Mixed sleep apnea is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apnea . It is also called as complex sleep apnea.When obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is severe and longstanding, some episodes of central apnea develop during the course of sleep. Though the exact mechanism of the loss of central respiratory drive during sleep in OSA is unknown it is most commonly related to acid-base and CO2feedback malfunctions originating fromheart failure. Complex sleep apnea has been described by researchers as a different dimension of sleep apnea. Patients with complex sleep apnea when treated with positive airway pressure for OSA was observed to exhibit persistent central sleep apnea. In sleep-disordered breathing there is a collection of diseases and symptoms relating to body mass, cardiovascular, respiratory, and occasionally, neurological dysfunction that have a synergistic effect. 1.2.4 Hypopnea Hypopnea refers to a transient reduction of airflow (often while asleep) that lasts for at least 10 seconds, shallow breathing, or an abnormally low respiratory rate. Breathing that is shallower or slower than normal. Hypopnea is distinct from apnea in which there is no breathing. Hypopnea comes from the Greek roots hypo- (meaning low, under, beneath, down, below normal) and pnoe (meaning breathing). Hypopnea is less severe than apnea (which is a more complete loss of airflow). It may likewise result in a decreased amount of air movement into the lungs and can cause oxygen levels in the blood to drop. It more commonly is due to partial obstruction of the upper airway 1.2.5 Tachypnea Tachypnea means elevated respiratory rate. In some situations, this might be usual, for example when climbing a flight of stairs. In disease it is indicative of problems with oxygenation. It occurs when the patient is breathing really hard to compensate for the higher than usual PCO2. When the patient is tachypneic it is important to sit him up in bed. In tachypnea the tidal volume is decreased, the minute volume may be the same because the respiratory rate is increased. Decreased tidal volume will have bad consequences for the patient because a lot of energy is being spent on moving dead air space which does not help oxygenate the interior of lungs where gas exchange takes place. 1.2.6 Bradypnea This is a slow respiratory rate which is seen in the post anesthetic or sedated patient. Bradypnea is also seen in patients who have taken overdoses of barbiturates and/or hypnotics. Bradypnea with a respiratory rate of more than ten breaths may correct itself as the patient recovers from the anaesthetic gases. Sometimes, in bradypnea, the patient compensates by increasing the tidal volume thereby the blood gases and oxygen saturation remain stable.Fig 1.6 shows bradypnea with respiratory rate 8b/min. 1.3 IMPEDANCE PNEUMOGRAPHY Impedance pneumography is another practical method to monitor the breathing of the patient. The technique also enables the simultaneous monitoring of the heart rate and respiration. This has certain inherent disadvantages. One is that the placement of the electrodes is very critical and other is cardiovascular artifact. This results from the detection of movement between the electrodes because of the cardiovascular system, rather than due to respiration. Apnea monitors need to be designed to reject this artifact. The principle of impedance pneumography is to pass a current through the chest between two electrodes, and from the resultant voltage to determine the changes in chest impedance which occur during respiration. It has been proposed that the impedance change occurring in respiration is directly proportional to the change in volume of air contained in the thorax, and therefore reflects tidal volume. The technique works by applying a current of approximately 10 microamperes to 1milliamperes with a frequency of 30-100 kHz to the thorax. This frequency is high enough to avoid stimulation of tissues, electrode polarization and excessively high skin impedance. The electrodes are always maintained with negligible potential difference which makes it possible to measure the impedance of a central core of thoracic tissue.Thus these impedance changes are obtained as thoracic changes that gives details about respiration.Fig 1.7 shows the block diagram Of impedance pneumography technique. 1.4 LABVIEW AND ITS APPLICATIONS LabVIEW Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench.LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment used by millions of engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated measurement, test, and control systems using intuitive graphical icons and wires that resemble a flowchart. Biomedical Application: Multisim Simulation with anECGAmplifier Noninvasive Blood Pressure (NIBP) Analyzer Analog ECGGenerator Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Analyzer ECG Feature Extractor Online Biosignal Noise Reduction Data Logger Biosignal Logger OBJECTIVES To collect the respiratory database To study the apnea characteristics To detect and classify apnea To achieve maximum accuracy To design a respiratory signal simulation system CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 RESPIRATION DATA ACQUISITION, CONVERSION AND DISPLAY SYSTEM 2.1.1 Methodology Respiration data is acquired and converted into a series of pulses, the frequency of which is related to the respiration rate of the data measured . The output pulses switch a timing device on and â€Å"off †, and the average time of a respiration cycle is then converted and displayed as respiration rate. The timing device includes a means for delaying a first output pulses before beginning the sampling period and registering a count of clock pulses for a specified number which represents the time period of a second specified number of the output pulses occurring subsequently to the first specified number of output pulses. 2.1.2 Conclusion This invention relates to an acquisition unit for acquiring data relating to one or more physiological variables from a patient. Displaying the data digitally and, upon operator approval, recording the data in an internal memory. Further, the invention relates to a data storage system responsive to data stored in an acquisition unit for a display presentation. 2.2 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING A RESPIRATIONPARAMETER IN A MEDICAL DEVICE Shrivastav, Maneesh, Cho, Yong K., Bennett, Tommy D., Erickson, Mark K., Greenhut, Saul E., Kleckner, Karen J., Sperling, Charles P., Corey, Robert A. 2.2.1 Methodology A pressure sensor senses pressure signals, and a signal processor, coupled to the pressure sensor, receives the sensed pressure signaland generates corresponding sample points. A microprocessor continuously adjusts a breath detection threshold in response to the generated sample points to generate a current adjusted breath detection threshold. Then it compares a current generated sample point to the current adjusted breath detection threshold, suspends the continuous adjusting of the breath detection threshold. Then the microcontroller sets the breath detection threshold equal to the most current adjusted breath detection threshold generated prior to the suspending, and determines the respirationparameter in response to a comparing of a next generated sample point to the set breath detection threshold. 2.2.2 Conclusion This invention relates to a method of acquisition of respiratory signal using pressure sensor and displays that respiration parameter using a microcontroller. 2.3 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MONITORING RESPIRATION Rymut, Russell, Slotty, Eric, Kini, Narendra 2.3.1 Methodology The apparatus includes a piezoelectric film which converts acoustical waves generated by the patients respiration activity into electrical signal output. The piezoelectric film sensor placed in the subject can be used to monitor the respiration of a patient by correlating the sound generated in the patients airway with respiratory activity. Further, the data generated by the sensor may be further analyzed by a patient monitor to diagnose respiratory conditions and display it. 2.3.2 Conclusion This invention relates to a method and apparatus for monitoring and quantitatively measuring the respiration of a patient , particularly, using a flexible piezoelectric film sensor. 2.4 APNEA MONITOR Guixian Lu 2.4.1 Methodology 1. A conductive rubber string is used to measure the chest volume changes. It is not suitable for OSA. In that case a differential gas flow sensor is used. The output of the sensors is amplified and then fed to a re-shaper. 3.The re-shaper re-shapes the signal and generates pulses to trigger the counter. 4.The counter triggers the alarm circuit if the count exceeds a predetermined threshold. 2.4.2 Conclusion For adults one rubber string is enough. But for infants, the frequency of the body movement is measured. So an additional rubber string with motion detector is needed. The gas flow sensor is reliable and sensitive. A buzzer is used to give alarm. 2.5 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A PROGRAMMABLE APNEA MONITORING SYSTEM Mustafa ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu, Osman EroÄŸul , Ziya Telatar 2.5.1 Methodology Respiratory signal is perceived by a thermal sensor. The signal is amplified and then fed to the microcontroller. The output of microcontroller is transferred to the computer and the relation between ECG and the signal is evaluated. An alarm system is also provided to indicate apnea 2.5.2 Conclusion The system is capable of detecting apnea, warns during the apnea and transfers the respiration signals to the computer. Finally,categorization of the apnea intervals is done to generate a real-time histogram of their frequency and duration which makes possible to investigate the relations between the EEG, ECG or other physiological signals and the respiratory patterns. 2.6 APNEA ALARM SYSTEMS 2.6.1 Methodology A crib or bed with piezo electric or strain gauge transducer attached to each leg is used to acquire the movement of infants. Whenever the infant is breathing there is a variation in the force distibution in the foam mat, so the vertical force applied on the frame of the crib also varies,which is captured by the sensors attached to the leg of the crib. These sensors convert the force into an electrical output signal and gives it to a summing amplifier to provide a summed output signal from all four legs. The summed output is given to a microcontroller where it is compared with the patients physical parameters to give an alarm if there is apnea detected using a buzzer or flashing light. 2.6.2 Conclusion This apparatus helps to detect apnea in infants who can be monitored even at home instead of hospitals.This alarm system is more comfortable to babies as it does not attach any sensor to infant s body.Mainly used to detect death due to apnea (‘crib death or ‘cot death ) very common in premature infants. 2.7 APNEA MONITOR DATA SYSTEM 2.7.1 Methodology An apnea monitoring system along with a portable data storage cartridge is presented. Respiration is monitored through the electrodes located on the thoracic cavity of the patient. Detected events are compared with respiration rates and when it is exceeded the signal is transmitted to audio and visual alarms indicating apnea. In addition to that a poratable data storage cartridge is provided which has enough memory to store all monitored events and waveforms that can be transferred to computer. 2.7.2 Conclusion This invention not only helps to monitor also contains a portable cartridge,that can be easily carried or mailed,which makes it time efficient and cost efficient method to store data.Another advantage is that the cartridge is replaceable,which provides an unlimited amount of memory space that helps in transfer of data. 2.8 A MODEL ANALYSIS OF ARTERIAL OXYGEN DESATURATION DURING APNEA IN PRETERM INFANTS Scott A. Sands, Bradley A. Edwards, Vanessa J. Kelly, Malcolm R. Davidson, Malcolm H. Wilkinson, Philip J. Berge 2.8.1 Methodology Independent influence of clinically relevant cardiorespiratory fators on the desaturation of arterial oxygen during apnea is determined using a two-compartmental lung-body mathematical model which incorporated realistic oxygen stores and gas exchange dynamic Analytic solutions were derived for arterial oxygen desaturation to quantify the importance of cardiorespiratory factors on arterial oxygen desaturation such as cardiac output, lung volume, metabolic oxygen consumption, pre-apneic ventilation, blood oxygen affinity, hemoglobin content and blood volume The model analysis reveals that lung volume, hemoglobin content, cardiac output, pre-apneic ventilation exerts a unique effect on arterial oxygen desaturation throughout the time-course of desaturation and metabolic oxygen consumption is uniformly influential throughout the process. Infants with elvated metabolic needs and low lung volume and those with anemia, cardiac dysfunction or hypovolemia which are common in prematurity are at heightened risk of rapid and profound arterial desaturation during apnea. 2.8.2 Conclusion A mathematical framework for quantifying the relative importance of key cardiorespiratory factors on the rate of arterial oxygen desaturation during apnea with particular relevance to preterm infants is provided. Each of the factors examined has a signature influence on the trajectory of desaturation, providing quantitativeinsight into the causes of rapidlydeveloping hypoxemia during apnea have been demonstrated. 2.9 OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA AS A RISK FACTOR FOR STROKE AND DEATH H. Klar Yaggi, M.D., M.P.H., John Concato, M.D., M.P.H., Walter N. Kernan, M.D., Judith H. Lichtman, Ph.D., M.P.H., Lawrence M. Brass, M.D., and Vahid Mohsenin, M.D. 2.9.1 Methodology 1.In this study patients underwent polysomnography and subsequent events like stroke and death are verified. 2.The diagnosis was based on apnea-hypopnea index of the patients.Patients with apnea-hypopnea index of less than 5 served as a comparison group. 3.Proportional hazards analysis was used to determine the independent effect of OSA syndrome on the outcome of stroke or death from any cause. 4.The mean apnea-hypopnea index for the patient with syndrome is 35 while the same for patients in the comparison group is 2. 5.After adjustment for age,sex, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, body-mass index, hypertension, the OSA syndrome retained a statistically significant association with stroke or death. 2.9.2 Conclusion The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome significantly and severely increases the chance for stroke or death from any cause. The increase for the risk of stroke or death due to OSA syndrome is independent of the other risk factors,including hypertension. 2.10 AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA-HYPOPNEA SYNDROME Helen L. A. Weatherly, Susan C. Griffin, Catriona Mc Daid, Kate H. Durà ©e, Robert J. O. Davies, John R. Stradling, Marie E. Westwood and Mark J. Sculpher. 2.10.1 Methodology This study reports on the cost-effectiveness of the continuous airway-pressure(CPAP) compared with the dental devices and lifestyle advice to the patient. The Markov model compared the interventions over the patients life expectancy. The primary measure for cost-effectiveness was the incremental cost per quality adjusted life-year(QALY) gained for every patient. On further analysis, CPAP was associated with higher costs and QALYs compared with dental devices and lifestyle advice. The result of analysis was that the probability that CPAP is more cost-effective than dental devices or lifestyle advice at a threshold value of  £20,000 per QALY was 0.78 for men and 0.80 for women. 2.10.2 Conclusion This model suggests that CPAP is cost-effective compared with dental devices and also the lifestyle advice for adults with moderate or severe symptomatic Obstructive Sleep Apnea -Hypopnea Syndrome are at the cost-effectiveness thresholds used by NICE. This finding is reflected in the NICE guidance. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 EXISTING METHODS Several contactless methods are available for monitoring the respiration of infants. The most successful apnea monitors to-date been mattress monitors. These instruments rely for their operation on the fact that the process of breathing redistributes an infants weight and this is detected by some form of a pressure sensitive pad or mattress on which infant is nursed. The mattress, in its simplest form, is a multi-compartment air bed, and in this case the weight redistribution forces air to flow from one compartment to another. The air flow is detected by the cooling effect it produces on a heated thermistor bead. Though the technique is simple, the main disadvantage with the air mattress is the short-term sensitivity variation and the double peaking effect when inspiration or expiration produces separate cooling of the thermistor. Alternatively, a capacitance type pressure sensor in the form of a thin square pad is usually placed under or slightly above the infants head. Respiratory movements produce regular pressure changes on the pad and these alter the capacitance between the electrode plates incorporated in the pad. The capacitance change is measured by applying a 200 kHz signal across the electrodes and by detecting the current flow with a phase-sensitive amplifier. The disadvantage of this method is that the system is much too sensitive to people moving nearby and thus an electrically screened incubator is essential for the infant. 3.1.1 METHOD ADOPTED This project is based on impedance pneumography method. Impedance pneumography is one of the practical methods to monitor the breathing of the patient. The technique also enables the simultaneous monitoring of the heart rate and respiration. This has certain inherent disadvantages. One is that the placement of the electrodes is very critical and other is cardiovascular artifact. This results from the detection of movement between the electrodes because of the cardiovascular system, rather than due to respiration. Apnea monitors need to be designed to reject this artifact. So in this project the respiratory signal is considered to be acquired by using respiratory sensor. As there is no availability of sensor, respiratory signal is simulated using our own designed impedance pneumography technique based circuit. Then this signal is given to microcontroller where apnea is detected and it then triggers an alarm. The classification of apnea is also done using LabVIEW. In future respiratory sensor will be designed and the respiratory signal will be acquired. Then this signal can be given to the microcontroller directly. 3.2 RESPIRATORY SIGNAL SIMULATION The respiratory signal simulation circuit consists of an excitation source and a constant current source circuit which gives a high frequency, low voltage and constant current signal. This constant current will be applied to the thorax of the subject. But due to the ethical issues the current is applied on the resistance circuit which acts as the thorax impedance. This circuit in turn gives a voltage signal. This voltage signal will be amplified by an instrumentation amplifier. The amplified signal will be fed to the LabVIEW for classification of normal and apnea signal and also types of apnea. Figure 3.2.1 shows the block diagram to simulate respiratory signal and the hardware design of the circuit 3.2.1 EXCITATION SOURCE The wien bridge oscillator which produces 50kHz and 8 V peak to peak signal is used as the excitation signal. The operational amplifier used in the circuit is LF351. The Voltage gain of the amplifier must be at least 3. The input resistance of the amplifier must be high compared toRso that theRCnetwork is not overloaded and alter the required conditions.The output resistance of the amplifier must be low so that the effect of external loading is minimized. Some method of stabilizing the amplitude of the oscillations must be provided because if the voltage gain of the amplifier is too small the desired oscillation will decay and if it is too large the waveform becomes distorted 3.2.2 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE The constant source circuit is used to generate a 4mA constant current to be applied on the resistance circuit. CL100 and CK100 transistors are used in this circuit and these are npn and pnp paired transistors. The base emitter on voltage of these transistors is 0.9V. The collector current can be found by using the formula, Ic= (Vcc-Vbe)/Rc Where Vcc-Supply voltage Rc-Collector Resistance Vbe-Base emitter on voltage 3.2.3 PHANTOM MODEL The model consists of four resistors of 500 ohms which mimics the thoracic resistance. 3.3 DATA COLLECTION To know about characteristics of normal respiration and apnea their corresponding signals were essential. So 40 respiration data sets with 100 sample values in each data set were collected from PHYSIONET -PHYSIOBANK ATM. Among these 20 were normal data sets obtained from SLEEP HEART HEALTH STUDY POLYSOMNOGRAPHY DATABASE (SHHPSGDB) while the other 20 were apnea data sets obtained from UCD SLEEP APNEA DATABASE (UCDDB). In Apnea data sets 10 belonged to Central Sleep Apnea and remaining 10 to Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Each Data set contained 100 samples whose units are volts(V).They were recorded for 100seconds.So on plotting each data we get time in X-axis and volts in Y axis. 3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF APNEA USING RESPIRATION RATE Input data which contains 60 samples each. Normalizing of the signal by squaring the signal. Extraction of maximum peak for every 5 samples.Display of respiratory cycles. If the peak value is greater than 6V it will be counted as normal respiratory cycle. If the count is between 10 and 20 the signal will be having normal respiratory rate. If the count is less than 10 the signal will be classified as bradypnea. If the count is greater than 20 the signal will be classified as tachypnea As the parameter of respiratory rate alone is not enough for classifying the types of apnea the statistical parameters are calculated and then signals are classified using LabVIEW. FLOWCHART 3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF APNEA USING STATISTICAL PARAMETERS The signal data was imported from a spread sheet into labview using READ FROM SPREADSHEET block in labview. Then signal was plotted as a graph using WAVEFORM CHART block. The data cannot be manipulated directly so the transpose of the data is taken to find the statistical parameters using TRANSPOSE ARRAY block. Now using the STATISTICS block the signals various parameters like arithmetic mean, median, mode, maximum peak, minimum peak, range, standard deviation variance, and rms value are found and recorded. Considering the range and mean of the signal it can be classified as its respective type. Give the upper and (or) lower limit for range and mean. Now using AND operator the signal is classified when its condition are satisfied. When the signal s range is greater than 7 and its mean is less than 0.1 it is normal. When the signal s range is lesser than 6 and its mean is greater than 0.21 it is abnormal. When the signal s range lies below 3.0 it is obstructive. When the signal s rang e lies between 3.1 and 6.99 it is central. FLOWCHART CHAPTER 4 4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1.1 Hardware Results Output from the excitation source (wein bridge oscillator) was checked in MULTISIM and then implemented using hardware. On applying the constant current to a resistance network that imitates human thoracic impedance , the current varied to a greater extent because of loading effect. The same problem will occur even when the patient is connected to the high frequency, low voltage, constant current module. Also, due to ethical issues the constant current generated cannot be given to the patient directly. So monitoring of real time data could not be done using the hardware design. Hence ,the idea of respiration signal simulation was dropped and offline data were collected from respiration databases for further classification. 4.1.2 Normal and Apnea Data To know about characteristics of normal respiration and apnea their corresponding signals were essential. So 40 respiration data sets with 100 sample values in each data set were collected from PHYSIONET -PHYSIOBANK ATM. Among these 20 were normal data sets obtained from SLEEP HEART HEALTH STUDY POLYSOMNOGRAPHY DATABASE (SHHPSGDB) while the other 20 were apnea data sets obtained from UCD SLEEP APNEA DATABASE(UCDDB).The Resulting plot for each type of respiration signal is plotted below. The following figure shows the normal respiration data plotted for 100 samples with time in x-axis and amplitude in y-axis with a maximum peak to peak voltage of 8V and 24 respiration cycles for 100seconds. The following figure 4.4 shows Ce

Goodnight Mr.Tom Review

Review of Goodnight Mr. Tom by Michelle Magorian Goodnight Mr. Tom is set in the midst of World War II and the German attacks of London. In the novel many children are sent away from England? s capital onto pacific places for protection. These children are called refugees and they are to stay in the houses of the inhabitants. This is then, the destiny of little William Beech who is sent to Little Wierwold to Tom Oakley, the man who shelters him. The child was being abused by his mother so he is very shy. Therefore, Mr. Oakley helps him confront his problems and Willie drastically changes.He starts to make friends like Zacharias Wrench, or Zach for short. They become best friends and have marvelous moments together. Afterwards, Williams’s mother asks for him to go back to London as she is sick. Beech? s mother really is insane and when they enter the house she says she has a surprise. The surprise was that Mrs. Beech has had a baby. He actually returns to the nightmare he lived before being a refugee, so Mr. Oakley foresees that Willie is passing a terrible time and rescues him from the tiny room in which Mrs.Beech has locked him up. Mr. Tom immediately buys train tickets for Little Wierwold and so, they returned to their home in this little town. Months later, Mrs. Beech commits suicide as a result of her loneliness and Mr. Tom caringly adopts William. The story ends when William? s best friend Zach dies because of a bomb. Will then confronts his friend? s death having both good and bad experiences, which helps him grow physically and mentally. The main characters of this novel are William Beech, Tom Oakley, Zacharias Wrench and Mrs. Beech.William Beech, at the beginning of the story is an apprehensive, emaciated boy who does not have any self-confidence and is very mistrusting. Although he is very different on the inside, Will founds this throughout the book. When Willie starts his life with Mr. Tom, he changes abruptly and transforms into a talkative a nd active little boy. He also discovers he is an excellent artist and makes drawing his favorite hobby. What I really appreciate about this character is that he emerged from being a shy child to a talkative one who loves socializing with others around him.Tom Oakley is also a very important character in this novel. Mr. Tom is at first a grouchy old man who is immerged in the four walls of his house but when Willie arrives to his life he transforms into a social, caring and loving man who supports Will in everything he needs. Tom was very depressed because his wife had died giving birth and soon after his son, William, also died. At first Mr. Oakley took this as a coincidence, assuming William was a common name in London. Although as the months went by he realizes it this is not just a coincidence but something much deeper.Fate had brought them together so that both Tom and Willie could cure the injuries and pains they had been absorbing and keeping inside themselves. Another very im portant and special character is Zacharias Wrench â€Å"Zack for short† as he says in the novel. This character is a boy about the same age as Willie, who is a very swinging boy who likes talking to everybody. As soon he sees someone nice he immediately approaches to the person and starts talking to it as if he knows it for a long time. Zach becomes Willie? s best friend and because of him William lets â€Å"escape the Zach from him†. Goodnight Mr.Tom is definitely an incredible story. I enjoyed it so much that I have read it two times. My favorite moment on the novel is the end because Willie has improved amazingly and says to Mr. Tom who is now his dad: â€Å"Dad, I? ve grown†. I find this particular moment very emotive because despite all the challenges he has faced, he moves on with an amazing courage. I can definitively recommend this book to both adults and children (11 years +) as it makes you reflect a lot and it’s a very deep novel. I would also love to read another book by Michelle Magorian because she is a very good writer.

Importance of the Curriculum to the Society by Phunziro Mphwina

PURPOSE OF THE CURRICULUM TO THE SOCIETY Introduction In 1995 Hornby described education as a process of training and instruction of children and young people in educational institutions which is designed to give knowledge and develop skills useful to the society. This process is centred by a number of planned activities which hold the potentials of imparting the skills significant to the society just as the definition points out.An outline or structure of these activities is what makes up an educational curriculum. Pillai (1984; p5) defines the curriculum as a comprehensive plan for an educational training programme or course to offer new or improved manpower to fulfil the rising needs of a dynamic society . Below is a discussion of some of the purposes of the curriculum to the society. * The curriculum serves the function of a tool for societal development.The curriculum include important and knowledge to be imparted on the learners, this is to say that there is a supplement of ide as on the students despite their innate intelligence. These new ideas help in discoveries that may assist in the society’s growth for example, new ways of increasing agricultural productivity. A student at school may encounter an idea that may help in the increase of agricultural outputs and if he implements this new idea, the society to which he belongs, would develop economically.A point which Jacobs (1997, p23) agrees with by saying that â€Å"education is the realization of each person’s unique potentialities thus, education focuses on the social conditions that block the fullest realisation of individual potentialities as it emphasizes on the changes in the present system required to bring about a more humanistic society†. This is just to say that education allows learners to make important contributions to the societies to which they belong, on the other hand enhancing the development of their particular societies. The curriculum also works as a source of societal cohesion. Webster (2011, p365) described a society as an enduring and cooperating social group whose members have developed organized patterns of relationships through interaction with one another. This togetherness is partially achieved through the curriculum in that the curriculum holds distinctive aims and objectives and these are shared amongst all kinds of members of educational institutions across the nation.This is to say that there are similar goals set across the communities of the nation despite the societal differences. To achieve these goals and objectives the society members must share ideas and cooperate and this fosters cohesion as members of different communities are inclined to come together and formulate ways by which they can attain their shared goals. The curriculum serving the purpose of cohesion fostering element amongst members of the society. * The curriculum holds the purpose of effective societal problem solving.Basing on one of the ideologies on w hich education is found, it can be easily said that education can be used for effective societal problem solving, whereby the curriculum happens to be an integral part of the education system. Adopting such an ideology thus education for problem solving, it means that the curriculum in this case must pertain to such an ideology. Whereby it has to include activities and experiences that will allow students attain effective methods of problem solving. In this case the curriculum being used as a tool for effective problem solving.If student undergo experiences of such a curriculum it means they will positively contribute to their particular societies in terms of problem solving. Hence the curriculum depicting the purpose of effective problem solving in the society. Brosnan (1999, p64) agrees by saying that â€Å"the individual is a unique personality who finds his greatest satisfaction in self-expression in response to the changing world†. Thus humans find it less of a burden wh en they speak out their suggestions and solutions to particular problems affecting the society and this is exactly what the curriculum offers through the educational system. The curriculum works as tool for awareness in the society. In the experiences included in the educational curriculum, there are relevant topics that each and every person is to be aware of, for example in Social studies are concerning human rights, child and women’s welfare. These are some of the important things that are rendered to the students under the guidance of the curriculum, when these learners accommodate such ideas and dissipate them on those that happen to be of a shared society as these learners, the curriculum may work as an agent of awareness.This would be so as the learners would function as messengers in their societies as they will let the others know their rights and entitlements. Hence the curriculum serving the purpose of an awareness agent in the society. * The curriculum serves the purpose of societal problem identification. This idea comes about during the development of the curriculum, where a number of steps are covered on of which is that of identifying the background of a nation before coming up with the curriculum.As the professionals struggle to come up with basis of a country they also realise the problem that a nation goes through both in the social economic and cultural context. These problems are implicitly addressed in the activities that are included in the curriculum, thus for example commerce studies which equips students with commercial skills, may help eradicate financial problems that members of the society encounter. Hence the curriculum serving the function of problem identification and solution implementation in the society. * The curriculum as an element for cultural preservation and continuity in the society.Knowing that different societies hold different beliefs and values, the curriculum put into account these differences. This is done when the professionals are formulating the curriculum they tend to include some of the major beliefs and values that the children must be equipped with in older to achieve cultural preservation and continuity. Inclusion of experiences that hold cultural values does not only ensure cultural continuity but also enable the students to recognise their national and cultural identities, how they are developed, and how they can be maintained in their respective societies (O’Neill, 1990; p78).Thus the curriculum being in the position of enhancing cultural preservation and continuity in the society. * Ethical function of the curriculum The curriculum being at the centre of the education system, it holds all sorts of functions along with it, one of which includes social control. In this case the curriculum helps in maintenance of law and older in the society, whereby the curriculum gives learners the access to instruction for proper behaviour and personal conduct, for example, at scho ols children are taught not to steak from others rather to ask for whatever they want in a polite manner.This is the expected mode of conduct which helps reduce cases of increased rates of thieves as these youngsters are nurtured to behave in the required way in their early stages of life. In this case inclusion of such elements in the curriculum enables members of the society to be morally sound. Hence the curriculum serving the function of ensuring ethical conduct. * The curriculum helping in shaping the society The International Educational Agency (I. E.R) report (2006, p3), pin pointed that the curriculum as the core of the education system helps equip students with better skills of reflection which is a vital element for students to grow as learners and as useful citizens of the society. Coupled with the skills of gathering and organising information students have constant opportunities to practice responsible self-direction in the society. In addition, much of the curriculum i s concerned with allowing students to learn about how people live in other places, times and how they are expected to influence the society.These understandings help students to develop high levels of self-awareness. This all can be achieved through the curriculum hence the curriculum helping in shaping the society by producing students that will be able to effectively self-guide themselves in the society. Conclusion Despite the strengths that govern the curriculum, there are a lot of shortfalls that can be corrected, for example inclusion of the rights of those in minority, thus the disabled, elderly just to mention a few. These also happen to be part and parcel of the society, whereby the topics of awareness included in the curriculum seem to dwell much on the abled.Consideration of teacher’s expertise when it comes to their familiarity with the materials and methods prescribed to be used in the teaching and learning process, this is to say that the curriculum indicates tha t it assumes that teachers are conversant with the materials they are expected to use in the teaching and learning process. Even though the curriculum assigns teachers to particular topic to teach, it does not opt for a follow up on whether there is observation of the prescribed topics and see if the required values are really being imparted on to the learners for the society’s benefit.REFERENCES Brosnan, M. J. (1999). Modelling Technophobia: a case for word processing Computers in Human Behaviour, New York; Guilford Hornby, A. S. (1995). Oxford dictionary: advanced learners edition 5, London; Oxford press International Education Agency, (2006). Report: Society and environment curriculum, revised edition: I. E. A Jacobs, D. (1996). LISREL8 user's reference guide, Illinois, USA: Scientific Software International. O'Neill, W. F. (1990). Educational Ideologies Contemporary Expressions of Educational Philosophy, Iowa: Kendall / Hunt Publishing CompanyPillai B. M. (1984). Smart sc hools: Better thinking and learning for every child, New York, USA: The Free Press. Webster, M. (2011). Higher Education in the 21st Century: Futures, New Jersey: USA Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF FOUNDATION STUDIES COURSE TITLE: CURRICULUM THEORY AND PRACTICE COOURSE CODE: EDU 3102 TO: Mrs O Nampanda FROM: Phunziro B. M Mphwina ASSIGNMENT: THE PURPOSE OF THE CURRICULUM TO THE SOCIETY DUE DATE 22/03/13 Importance of the Curriculum to the Society by Phunziro Mphwina PURPOSE OF THE CURRICULUM TO THE SOCIETY Introduction In 1995 Hornby described education as a process of training and instruction of children and young people in educational institutions which is designed to give knowledge and develop skills useful to the society. This process is centred by a number of planned activities which hold the potentials of imparting the skills significant to the society just as the definition points out.An outline or structure of these activities is what makes up an educational curriculum. Pillai (1984; p5) defines the curriculum as a comprehensive plan for an educational training programme or course to offer new or improved manpower to fulfil the rising needs of a dynamic society . Below is a discussion of some of the purposes of the curriculum to the society. * The curriculum serves the function of a tool for societal development.The curriculum include important and knowledge to be imparted on the learners, this is to say that there is a supplement of ide as on the students despite their innate intelligence. These new ideas help in discoveries that may assist in the society’s growth for example, new ways of increasing agricultural productivity. A student at school may encounter an idea that may help in the increase of agricultural outputs and if he implements this new idea, the society to which he belongs, would develop economically.A point which Jacobs (1997, p23) agrees with by saying that â€Å"education is the realization of each person’s unique potentialities thus, education focuses on the social conditions that block the fullest realisation of individual potentialities as it emphasizes on the changes in the present system required to bring about a more humanistic society†. This is just to say that education allows learners to make important contributions to the societies to which they belong, on the other hand enhancing the development of their particular societies. The curriculum also works as a source of societal cohesion. Webster (2011, p365) described a society as an enduring and cooperating social group whose members have developed organized patterns of relationships through interaction with one another. This togetherness is partially achieved through the curriculum in that the curriculum holds distinctive aims and objectives and these are shared amongst all kinds of members of educational institutions across the nation.This is to say that there are similar goals set across the communities of the nation despite the societal differences. To achieve these goals and objectives the society members must share ideas and cooperate and this fosters cohesion as members of different communities are inclined to come together and formulate ways by which they can attain their shared goals. The curriculum serving the purpose of cohesion fostering element amongst members of the society. * The curriculum holds the purpose of effective societal problem solving.Basing on one of the ideologies on w hich education is found, it can be easily said that education can be used for effective societal problem solving, whereby the curriculum happens to be an integral part of the education system. Adopting such an ideology thus education for problem solving, it means that the curriculum in this case must pertain to such an ideology. Whereby it has to include activities and experiences that will allow students attain effective methods of problem solving. In this case the curriculum being used as a tool for effective problem solving.If student undergo experiences of such a curriculum it means they will positively contribute to their particular societies in terms of problem solving. Hence the curriculum depicting the purpose of effective problem solving in the society. Brosnan (1999, p64) agrees by saying that â€Å"the individual is a unique personality who finds his greatest satisfaction in self-expression in response to the changing world†. Thus humans find it less of a burden wh en they speak out their suggestions and solutions to particular problems affecting the society and this is exactly what the curriculum offers through the educational system. The curriculum works as tool for awareness in the society. In the experiences included in the educational curriculum, there are relevant topics that each and every person is to be aware of, for example in Social studies are concerning human rights, child and women’s welfare. These are some of the important things that are rendered to the students under the guidance of the curriculum, when these learners accommodate such ideas and dissipate them on those that happen to be of a shared society as these learners, the curriculum may work as an agent of awareness.This would be so as the learners would function as messengers in their societies as they will let the others know their rights and entitlements. Hence the curriculum serving the purpose of an awareness agent in the society. * The curriculum serves the purpose of societal problem identification. This idea comes about during the development of the curriculum, where a number of steps are covered on of which is that of identifying the background of a nation before coming up with the curriculum.As the professionals struggle to come up with basis of a country they also realise the problem that a nation goes through both in the social economic and cultural context. These problems are implicitly addressed in the activities that are included in the curriculum, thus for example commerce studies which equips students with commercial skills, may help eradicate financial problems that members of the society encounter. Hence the curriculum serving the function of problem identification and solution implementation in the society. * The curriculum as an element for cultural preservation and continuity in the society.Knowing that different societies hold different beliefs and values, the curriculum put into account these differences. This is done when the professionals are formulating the curriculum they tend to include some of the major beliefs and values that the children must be equipped with in older to achieve cultural preservation and continuity. Inclusion of experiences that hold cultural values does not only ensure cultural continuity but also enable the students to recognise their national and cultural identities, how they are developed, and how they can be maintained in their respective societies (O’Neill, 1990; p78).Thus the curriculum being in the position of enhancing cultural preservation and continuity in the society. * Ethical function of the curriculum The curriculum being at the centre of the education system, it holds all sorts of functions along with it, one of which includes social control. In this case the curriculum helps in maintenance of law and older in the society, whereby the curriculum gives learners the access to instruction for proper behaviour and personal conduct, for example, at scho ols children are taught not to steak from others rather to ask for whatever they want in a polite manner.This is the expected mode of conduct which helps reduce cases of increased rates of thieves as these youngsters are nurtured to behave in the required way in their early stages of life. In this case inclusion of such elements in the curriculum enables members of the society to be morally sound. Hence the curriculum serving the function of ensuring ethical conduct. * The curriculum helping in shaping the society The International Educational Agency (I. E.R) report (2006, p3), pin pointed that the curriculum as the core of the education system helps equip students with better skills of reflection which is a vital element for students to grow as learners and as useful citizens of the society. Coupled with the skills of gathering and organising information students have constant opportunities to practice responsible self-direction in the society. In addition, much of the curriculum i s concerned with allowing students to learn about how people live in other places, times and how they are expected to influence the society.These understandings help students to develop high levels of self-awareness. This all can be achieved through the curriculum hence the curriculum helping in shaping the society by producing students that will be able to effectively self-guide themselves in the society. Conclusion Despite the strengths that govern the curriculum, there are a lot of shortfalls that can be corrected, for example inclusion of the rights of those in minority, thus the disabled, elderly just to mention a few. These also happen to be part and parcel of the society, whereby the topics of awareness included in the curriculum seem to dwell much on the abled.Consideration of teacher’s expertise when it comes to their familiarity with the materials and methods prescribed to be used in the teaching and learning process, this is to say that the curriculum indicates tha t it assumes that teachers are conversant with the materials they are expected to use in the teaching and learning process. Even though the curriculum assigns teachers to particular topic to teach, it does not opt for a follow up on whether there is observation of the prescribed topics and see if the required values are really being imparted on to the learners for the society’s benefit.REFERENCES Brosnan, M. J. (1999). Modelling Technophobia: a case for word processing Computers in Human Behaviour, New York; Guilford Hornby, A. S. (1995). Oxford dictionary: advanced learners edition 5, London; Oxford press International Education Agency, (2006). Report: Society and environment curriculum, revised edition: I. E. A Jacobs, D. (1996). LISREL8 user's reference guide, Illinois, USA: Scientific Software International. O'Neill, W. F. (1990). Educational Ideologies Contemporary Expressions of Educational Philosophy, Iowa: Kendall / Hunt Publishing CompanyPillai B. M. (1984). Smart sc hools: Better thinking and learning for every child, New York, USA: The Free Press. Webster, M. (2011). Higher Education in the 21st Century: Futures, New Jersey: USA Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF FOUNDATION STUDIES COURSE TITLE: CURRICULUM THEORY AND PRACTICE COOURSE CODE: EDU 3102 TO: Mrs O Nampanda FROM: Phunziro B. M Mphwina ASSIGNMENT: THE PURPOSE OF THE CURRICULUM TO THE SOCIETY DUE DATE 22/03/13